Development of Viroreaper sanitization chamber for COVID 19.

The whole world at present is dealing with the COVID 19 pandemic. As per studies worldwide SARS-CoV-2 by sequencing analysis is 95% homogenous similar to the bat coronavirus and almost 70% similar to the SARS-CoV-1. SARS CoV 2 is a respiratory problem which in its worst form of disease causes ARDS and hampers the patient's ability to breathe on his own and has to be put on Ventilator. As per WHO (World Health Organization) guidelines, sanitization is an effective way of prevention from the infection. The proper sanitization being not feasible and time consuming in certain cases, faster and effective alternatives of sanitization processes are necessary. As per recently published study by researchers in Beijing, China, it was observed that with each degree rise in temperature and percent humidity, the contagiousness of the disease caused by the Coronavirus, named COVID 19 goes down significantly. R-naught or RO can be referred as the average number of people that gets infected from one sick person among a population which is not immune to the virus. The closer to zero an RO value the better the results indicating less spread of the disease. A lower RO means the outbreak is slowing or declining while a higher one means its swelling or growing at faster rate. The RO of the coronavirus hovers between 2 and 2.5 as per World Health Organization or WHO meaning that each new person spreads the disease to about 2.2 people on an average. The chamber being developed is aimed at lowering the Ro value so that the infection rate slows down. RO is not a fixed value, it changes depending on various factors such as proximity among people, the environmental surroundings and climatic conditions. The higher temperatures (38 °C) at 80-90% relative humidity decreases the virus activity within 24 h. Moreover, in a condition where the virus that was dried was stored at higher temperature (>38 °C) and high relative humidity (>95%), there was observed an additional degradation in virus activity at each point in time. Taking into consideration the above research, we developed a COVID De-Incubator chamber to disinfect the clothes and commonly used daily wear items. Our results were exciting as the disinfection proved to be effective at temperatures of 75 °C-80 °C and humidity levels at 80%-90%. Moreover, the chamber was developed at significantly lower costs. In this study, an attempt has been made to fabricate a chamber with temperature and humidity-controlled environment to disinfect daily used material. Using fins and momentum source, a homogenous environment is created inside the chamber for better results, with the help of numerical simulation to decide the optimum angle for the inclination of fins and location of the momentum source.

Sensitivity and elasticity analysis of novel corona virus transmission model: A mathematical approach.

The deadly corona virus continues to pound the globe mercilessly compelling mathematical models and computational simulations which might prove effective tools to enable global efforts to estimate key transmission parameters involved in the system. We propose a mathematical model using a set of non-linear differential equations to account for the spread of the COVID-19 infection with special compartment class isolation or quarantine and estimate the model parameters by fitting the model with reported data of the ongoing pandemic situation in India. The basic reproduction number is defined and local stability analysis is carried out at each equilibrium point in terms of the reproduction number R 0 . The model is fitted mathematically and makes the data India specific. Additionally, we examined sensitivity analysis of the model. These outcomes recommend how to control the spread of corona, keeping in mind contact and recovery rate. Also we have investigated the elasticity of the basic reproduction number as a measure of control parameters of the dynamical system. Numerical simulations were also done to show that the proposed model is valid for the type and spread of the outbreak which happened in India.

Tenofovir-Amino Acid Conjugates Act as Polymerase Substrates-Implications for Avoiding Cellular Phosphorylation in the Discovery of Nucleotide Analogues.

Nucleotide analogues are used for treating viral infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. To become polymerase substrates, a nucleotide analogue must be phosphorylated by cellular kinases which is rate-limiting. The goal of this study is to develop dNTP/NTP analogues directly from nucleotides. Tenofovir (TFV) analogues were synthesized by conjugating with amino acids. We demonstrate that some conjugates act as dNTP analogues and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) catalytically incorporates the TFV part as the chain terminator. X-ray structures in complex with HIV-1 RT/dsDNA showed binding of the conjugates at the polymerase active site, however, in different modes in the presence of Mg2+ versus Mn2+ ions. The adaptability of the compounds is seemingly essential for catalytic incorporation of TFV by RT. 4d with a carboxyl sidechain demonstrated the highest incorporation. 4e showed weak incorporation and rather behaved as a dNTP-competitive inhibitor. This result advocates the feasibility of designing NTP/dNTP analogues by chemical substitutions to nucleotide analogues.